Developing the Future of Flight (Aerospace Engineering)

Developing the Future of Flight Aerospace engineering is the field of engineering dealing with the design, development, construction, testing, and operation of vehicles operating in the Earth’s atmosphere or in outer space (Stanzione). Aerospace engineers can work on many different vehicles from aircraft to deep diving vessels to high speed trains. The vast knowledge in aerodynamics, propulsion systems, structural design, materials, avionics, and stability allows them to work on just about anything. To become an aerospace engineer one must complete a bachelor’s degree program, usually in aerospace or aeronautical engineering.Then college graduates must take two examinations and accumulate four years of work experience in order to become a licensed professional engineer (PE). Graduates earn the title of engineer in training (EIT) after completing the first exam, which can be taken any time after schooling is complete. EITs may then begin on-the-job training to further th eir experience and understanding of aeronautical engineering. Once EITs have completed the required experience, the next step would be taking the second exam to become a professional aerospace engineer (education-portal. om). According to engineeringdegrees101. com, the median salary for aerospace engineers in 2011 is $92,000. When one first enters the world of aerospace engineering, one will start out as an aerospace engineer I. This is called the entry level. The average salary for an entry level engineer is $62,213 per year. After one has worked in this field for two to four years, an aerospace engineer II will be the next step up. Anyone at this stage is now considered an intermediate level engineer and will take home an average salary of $84,537 per year.Soon after this promotion comes the next promotion, and aerospace engineer III. At this point people at this level now earn $91,945 per year. After working in this career for five to eight years one will move up to an aerospace engineer IV where the yearly salary is $98,630. Three years later and the final promotion comes, an aerospace engineer V. At this level the annual take home pay is $119,993 in one year (1. salary. com). As an aerospace engineer I-V, one will design and supervise the construction of aircrafts and the parts that make these monsters.These engineers will be given the task to analyze results of stress tests on various aircraft and missile parts and conduct research to determine flight characteristics. As a level one engineer, one will rely on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job, and can plan on working under immediate supervision. Level two engineers will rely on limited experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals, and perform a variety of tasks while working under general supervision.As a level three engineer, one will rely on experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals while performing a variety of complicated tasks. As a l evel four and five, engineers will rely on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals and perform a variety of tasks, and now get to lead and direct the work of others as a reward for all the hard work put in through out the years (1. salary. com). Sciencebuddies. org says that most aerospace engineers work in office buildings, laboratories, or plants, but not all work indoors.Some may work outdoors at construction or test sites monitoring or directing operations. Other engineers spend countless hours away from home traveling from worksite to worksite all around the world overseeing the production of things or having to fix problems. Many engineers work forty hour weeks, but sometimes deadlines on a project will force them to work longer hours in order to get the project done on time. When students are in college, or fresh out of college, and do not have a job or any extra money, one solution would be doing an internship.Internships will often offer several thous and dollars to be used for education related expenses, or just to spend however the intern wishes. Students that are planning to go into aerospace engineering can do internships with related companies such as NASA, Boeing, and Lockheed. Such companies would love to have a young adult come in and start learning the way things are done, knowing that some of the best workers are going to be leaving and are in need of people to take these veterans’ place.Perhaps the greatest benefit of the aerospace industry for professionals is in terms of annual salary. Aerospace engineers, for example, make $92,000 annually on average. This salary is the base salary for engineers, with many companies providing profit sharing and other plans that bring the annual salary up. Another important benefit for aerospace professionals of all types is the basic health, dental, and vision benefits. Most major aerospace companies provide extensive health and medical benefits, which are investments on the company’s part toward a healthier and more productive workforce.Dental and vision benefits are nice perks for aerospace professionals and those with families can usually include children and spouses on their plans. While salary and basic benefits are great ways for aerospace professionals to offset the stresses of the job, there are a number of other perks that keep talented workers in the industry. Many aerospace companies provide consumer loans to the employees for the purchase of automobiles, condominiums, and other living necessities. Finally, commercial and civilian aerospace companies will often provide airline discounts for workers and immediate families.Finally, there are two mainstays of the aerospace industry which are crucial for professionals to stay at jobs over a long period of time. Most aerospace companies provide paid leave, typically four to six weeks annually, which is meant to give professionals time to unwind and leave the desks or work stations for a lit tle while. As well, a long term human resources investment for these companies comes with the pension program. Aerospace companies will often match a certain level of employee contributions in order to keep skilled workers from leaving for jobs with rival companies.Works Cited Page â€Å"Aerospace Engineering — Britannica Online Encyclopedia. † Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Ed. Kaydon A. Stanzione. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Aeronautical Engineer: Educational Requirements. † Research Schools, Online Courses, Degrees and Careers at Education Portal. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Engineer Salary – How Much Do Engineers

Underage Drinking – Short Essay

Underage drinking, now more than ever, is a big problem us the US. In our society today, underage drinking is expressed as cool, or a way to have fun. Some causes of underage drinking are the media and peer pressure. There are also many negative effects of underage drinking such as health risks like alcohol poisoning. Media plays a big role in this risk. Just watching television you see commercials for beer or other alcoholic beverages. The media makes It look like fun all the time, and Like nothing bad can come from drinking.They make It very appealing to a teenager's ye. The commercials do not show you the man who lost everything to his alcoholism, or the guy who had one too many drinks and spent the night hugging the toilet. I feel that alcohol Industries are targeting youth and will do Just about anything to get business. Peer pressure also plays a big role In underage drinking. The most Important thing In the life of a teenager Is to â€Å"FLT In†. Teenagers are almost ex pected to drink before they are 21 these days. If they don't, they could easily be the outcast of their social circle and be made fun of.Most of the parents don't punish their underage hillier for drinking because they did the same things when they were in high school. This can lead to teens thinking that it is an acceptable lifestyle to live. There are many negative effects of underage drinking. Not only is it illegal, there are many risks that can come from underage drinking. If you start drinking at a young age, there is a better chance that you are going to get hooked and be come and alcoholic later on in life. Drinking too much or too soon can hurt others, get you in legal trouble, and damage your relationships.In conclusion, there are several causes and effects of underage drinking. Media and peer pressure are two of the main causes. Teenagers use media in their everyday lives. Television is one example of media that makes alcohol appealing to young people. Peer pressure is al so a cause of drinking under the age of 21 . The last thing a teenager wants is to be made fun of, and if that means they have to drinks few beers to keep that from happening then that's what they're going to do! There are also many negative effects of underage drinking such and alcoholism, and other health risks.Underage drinking is dangerous, not only for the drinker but also for society. Underage Drinking – Short Essay By allusions 1 Underage Drinking beer or other alcoholic beverages. The media makes it look like fun all the time, and like nothing bad can come from drinking. They make it very appealing to a teenager's that alcohol industries are targeting youth and will do Just about anything to get Peer pressure also plays a big role in underage drinking. The most important thing in the life of a teenager is to â€Å"fit in†. Teenagers are almost expected to drink thing a teenager wants is to be made fun of, and if that means they have to drink a

Bomb and Information

His statement is how the government is manipulating the media about the bombing incident. He wanted to prove me that the government has something to do with the attack and also is manipulating the media with fake or inaccurate information so we can believe whatever the media says. When I first heard about the attack on the media I was so sure that the government did a good Job but Many showed me a video as evidence to reinforce his statement. Now I am standing in the middle of a circle of accurate and inaccurate information, but unfortunately I ant decide who to trust.The media is not always right with the information that they are publishing therefore you cant always trust the most reliable sources when there is a news. To trust the media right after the event it is not a bad idea, but we need to know how to evaluate the information provided. The media controls our minds because they have the information that we are seeking, but we can rate the sources as accurate and non-accurate or incorrect. If you like to watch the news online, you should look at more trusted websites and match the information.Furthermore look for evidence that proves that the information is accurate. View the authors bibliography and make sure the author knows about the topic and somehow has something to do with the topic. During the Marathon in Boston on April 15, 2013 there were a lot of rumors about the explosion. The media was so desperate to find a suspect that they made an unknown number of speculations about people who were looking suspicious to them. At the beginning of the week when there were not pictures of the suspects the media was wondering if the attack was made by an alQaeda group or if the person who did it was related to them. There was an Indian American student who was accused as suspect number two by a website called http://www. Reedit. Com/. The information was declared incorrect after a few days. The general manager of website Reedit Erik Martin apologized in public to the student for the misunderstanding (Alexander). Many reporters were looking for evidence where they can find or identify a suspect. After the attack many pictures were sent to the TV, newspaper, and radio Stations, but there was one picture published onTwitter by a marathon spectator Dan Lampooner that caused an immense rumor. Lampooner posted a picture of an individual on top of the roof off building. The picture rapidly got 2,361 rewets and 620 favorites which is a lot for a picture posted the same day of the attack. A lot of people were alarm because the rumor and the false information of the supposed suspect on top of the roof were spread around by the users of the social networks. The FBI declined to mention on the photo or any other rumor (Brenner).There was a speculation about another bomb the same day f the marathon minutes after the Bombing. This speculation was about a bomb that went off at the JEFF Library in Boston. A Police Commissioner Edward Davis said during a press conference that besides those two bombs that went off during the marathon, there is a third case occurred at the Library and the authorities consider this as related to the attack. During the investigation the rumor was still being reported and the false information was being watched at everyones house even in my house.In the evening of the next day the authorities said, The JEFF incident may not have been n explosion; rather, it appears to be fire-related (Brenner). The reality of the fire on the library was a mechanical fire that broke out about the same time the two bombs went off (Brenner). In the course of the bombing there were a lot of victims involved in the incident, 144 people were reported injured. Unfortunately there were 3 people dead. Martin Richard was one of those who unluckily died while watching the marathon. A lot of different versions of the story were circulating by the news.The rumor was about an years old girl from Sandy Hook that was running the marathon and died while she was running. The media was wrong once again with this information and many people were there wrong information delivered to their housed by the media. Richards mother and his sister were gravely hurt in the attack. This information was declared by Richards father who said My dear son Martin has died from injuries sustained in the attack on Boston. My wife and daughter are both recovering from serious injuries. (Brenner).For the period of the week the FBI were collecting as such information as they could so they could investigate it. Two videos were published about two suspects walking near the place were the second bomb went off. The FBI called them black hat suspect and white hat suspect. On the video, it is well shown how they were carrying backpacks with them. The FBI published the two pictures of the suspects and the broadcast did an accurate Job this time because they posted and shared the pictures with the State of Massachusetts and the entire United States of America.The authorities found the suspects location when they ailed a MIT officer who was on duty. On Thursday, April 18, the FBI official decided to share the pictures of the two suspects involved in the attacks because they knew the media was going to publish it right away. The purpose of it was to get the audience aware and call the FBI or any police department if they see anything suspicious. The FBI received information about two suspects who robbed a seven eleven and shoot a couple times against an officer who was on his car.The police department started the chase against the two brothers Dashboard and Temperament Tsarinas. The police had a man on the ground in Watertown which was suspect number 1 Temperament Tsarinas. The second suspect was still on the run. The FBI, SWAT team, State Police and Boston police had a manhunt looking for Dashboard Tsarinas. The officials were looking for the suspect in Watertown. Dashboard was captured at night inside a boat that was in someones driveway covered by blood (The Telegraph). When you are looking for sources online or watching any news it is always a good Idea to think as a critical thinker.

Literature Assg 2 A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature Assg 2 A - Essay Example also has attempted to show different layers of human existence and how impulsive or biased judgements, blinded by pride or prejudice can lead to catastrophe. The King, like most of the human beings, also believed in false display of affection, whereas, he ignored and disrespected genuine feeling of those who are loyal to him. Thus, Shakespeare, within scope of the play has dealt with an essential human tendency of being attracted towards exhibition or show off or false elaboration of emotions and how an individual, trapped within such falsehood, forgets to appreciate and acknowledge genuine human feelings, consequently leading to his tragedy. Thesis Statement: The two daughters of the King surely have a major role to play in deepening the tragic plight of their father kin King Lear. However, the seeds of tragic and painful ending of the King were already sowed during Lear’s desperate rejection of Cordelia’s true affection, honesty and respect for him. Thus, besides holding the elder daughters responsible for his catastrophe, it is also important to consider his false choices, which he made out of prejudiced observation, as catalysts for his tragic end. A close and critical study of the four major Shakespearean tragedies, namely, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth, would clearly show that in each of these dramas the dramatist has exhibited certain common themes and a specific sequential approach to evoke the sense of tragic aesthetics. Hamlet’s tragedy is caused due to his dilemmatic nature and the existential crisis that he suffers from, in case of King Lear, the kingly pride, a stubborn sense of supremacy and overdependence to others, in this case on children, to decide the course of his life, have resulted in his fall. Finally, his realization regarding the wrong choices he made evoked in him a philosophical self that helps him to look deep in reality, keeping aside his trivial pride. Othello cannot escape his tragic plight due to the conjoint

SARS Outbreak in Toronto Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SARS Outbreak in Toronto - Research Paper Example But he was not sure how to communicate the crisis to the community at large. Moreover, a timeline of events occurred that led to misinformation to the public thus proving a difficult task to find ways to curb the epidemic. Many of those mistakes were preventable, for instance the World Health Organization produced numerous reports contradicting to the previous ones. In their reports the disease which had been stated as having an incubation period of two days was later said to have a ten days incubation period. For another thing, the disease was at one time thought as been bacterial, besides it being viral so this made it harder to cure the disease. Additionally, the mode of transmission was said to be through immediate contact with an infected individual but later on the virus was found that it might live on surfaces for days. Communication errors also made it difficult to manage the situation; whenever a report was released by the WHO it was not marked as important but was placed in other categories as normal flues. Moreover, there was a detachment amongst organizations. The physicians could have prioritized the urgency of the reports so as to make it easier for disease prevention. In addition to the information gap, the structure of health care systems and public health in Ontario and Toronto was another root cause of this endemic. Most hospitals in Toronto operated devoid of any local health authority leading them. Also, there were no pandemic control centers that could be delegated authority in cases of an outbreak. Lastly, spokespersons conveyed inconsistent information’s and this ensued confusion. Therefore, the core problem that led to SARS getting out of hand is misinformation by the WHO. If the reports could convey genuine information then even if there was poor communication between companies, those measures could have been put in place and would have helped to curb the endemic (Berry,

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Personal Statement - Essay Example In order to achieve our goal, we have hosted several events in this quarter, such as the Kickoff, the UPS event, getting students to go to the ALPFA events at UW Foster, and the joint potluck with the International Students Association. The biggest event was a speech from Nancy Koeper, the president of the northwest region of UPS. The event gave me an opportunity to demonstrate my leadership skills. I was supposed to inform all the students in our class of this event. Moreover, I was required to help set up the place where the event took place. Everything went so well, and the event was extremely successful since over 200 students were there to listen to Nancy’s speech. Even though I did not solely contribute towards the success of this event, I felt so proud of myself. I had taken part in ensuring the event was successful. This was a great move towards my future goal of being an eminent leader. Participating in planning for this event enabled me develop skills in different aspects. To start with, I improved on my public speaking skills since I had to make an announcement in classes to let many students know about this event and get them to participate. I had to address the whole class, which helped me get rid of my fear of public speaking. Additionally, I built many valuable relationships with my schoolmates. Before I joined the club, most of the people I hung out with were Koreans. This club activity enabled me to build relationships not only with professors, but also with many other students from different countries. I had more opportunities to be exposed to new cultures, which helped me mingle harmoniously with other students. Most of all, I re gained confidence in myself. Although I had experiences as a member of student council in high school, I lost confidence in myself when I realized I had poor English communication skills. However, my roles in Business Leadership Club have enabled me rebuilt trust in my

Assignment 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

4 - Assignment Example They are in the initial stage of their relationship as they were afraid and shy when they were having their eye contact. It might be their first or at the most second date. And the non verbal cues which led me to conclude this is their feeling of shyness and their reluctance in touching each other. Having a job is not an easy thing in anyone’s life. Nonetheless, everyone can a job, though might not be the job which he or she is looking for. It is difficult to find a job which will you give an optimum level of job satisfaction and with which you would be happy. Therefore job is majorly a luck event, with which you could win or lose. In order to find out whether I am satisfied with the job or not, I took the Burnout Quiz. The results of the quiz said that I am at medium job satisfaction. And I completely agree with the results, as I am happy with what I am doing in my job and I like my job. However, the only thing with which I am dis-satisfied is that the manager does not show any respect to us i.e. the employees junior to him. Infact, this pressure is now soaring with budget issues and layoffs looming. The results of the quiz also suggest that I can make some changes which will help me to experience some more job satisfaction like clear job requirement, better compensation, and more time off. I feel that the most important reason for my not enjoying job satisfaction is that, I have a low level of life style balance, as I don’t really have a sufficient amount of time to do whatever I want to do. As the results of the quiz suggests, I have decided to ask my manager to give me clearer job requirement, enhanced and better reward, and I will also start taking some time off and I my life with my family. In conclusion, this job assessment helped me to be aware of many things in my life which I was not concerned about. Firstly, I was not giving any importance to my time and life balance. And with the help of this assessment I came to know that having life style

D3.1 The Wet Foot Dry Foot Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

D3.1 The Wet Foot Dry Foot Policy - Essay Example Any illegal immigrant from Cuba, whether traveling by sea or by land, and has now managed to reach American soil, should be granted asylum, because these people are fleeing from a one-man rule communist dictatorship. There should be no distinction whatsoever, as it betrays Americas democratic principles, the very political foundation of the country as it was envisioned by the Founding Fathers. Perhaps a more sensible approach is to exclude Cubans who went to the United States of America purely for economic reasons, since they would not qualify for political asylum to be given temporary green cards. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, all Cuban immigrants should be given the benefit of the doubt (Iraola para. 4). The legal distinction contained in the current policy is merely hair splitting and does not serve any purpose at all; it is better to grant every Cuban immigrant permanent residency status and the rare chance to live in freedom. These people had gambled everything, even life and limbs, to reach the United States and it is heartbreaking to turn them back, based on moral and ethical human rights consideration. It is cruel and inhumane to turn them back; it is like bringing an escaped slave back to his master (McGill para. 13). This policy should be

Applied Theory of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Theory of Economics - Essay Example China and India have progressed exponentially, with current estimates clearly showing how they would be the worlds biggest economies in sheer volume by 2050.Countries like South Korea, Taiwan & Singapore, once minor shipping ports are now among the economic elites of the world, on par with any developed nation today. These spectacular developments have been due to the great flexibility the capitalist system has demonstrated in granting everyone a stake in this brave new world. But with all that being said it also has a dark side attached to it as well. Poor nations with poor legislation on labor rights, wages, health & safety, poor government monitoring and manipulation by many rogue corporations over the ages have put into question the humanitarian aspect of trade. Arguing that corporations shifting production capacities elsewhere are susceptible to exploit the labor and other available resources of their host countries. In my humble opinion ,with the exception of a few highly publi cized cases, the net result of free trade for the developing world has been beneficial .It has alleviated poverty on national levels, led to transfer of modes of technology & made the world more cosmopolitan and integrated . Below are some of the arguments that in my opinion reflect very favorably on the effect of free trade on the developing world. Free trade is not just an economic practice it's a way of life, a political philosophy. "A major source of objection to a free economy is precisely that it [...] gives people what they want instead of what a particular group thinks they ought to want." (Friedman, n.p.) Below are in my opinion some points that argue favorably in the case of free trade for the developing world. Free Trades Alleviates Poverty More cannot be said of free trades vitality in increasing the fortunes of developing world. With the every specific shift of a production capacity in that particular or municipality a steady stream of labor is required. By gaining employments workers get means for their livelihoods and purchasing power. The cumulative effect is on a national scale. One can look no further than the birth of middle class in China & India. They alone have been a major factor in stimulating their local economies with their spending patterns. Free Trade Removes Likeliness of War it's no secret that all commerce flourishes in peaceful times. Especially in this integrated world when there are vested interests in another countries well being. Although the incidence of war hasn't been totally eliminated, by and large majority of the world the developing world has enjoyed prosperity over the decades. In fact, so many nations have entered into regional pacts to gain access to each others markets, to remove import quotas & for freer flow of resources in between their borders. All of these points which are the cornerstone of the Free Trade phenomenon. And in turn Organizations geared towards the free market ideal such as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Organization), EU (European Union) & WTO (World Trade Organization) have shown resounding success since the time of their

Smoking in public places Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoking in public places - Research Paper Example For instance, one may smoke to ease tension or pressure. On the other hand, many people believe that smoking in public or generally smoking should be banned. There are reasons as to why this has not yet happened, and it is not bound to happen soon. Governments throughout the world make lots of profits from taxes on tobacco and cigarettes. Second, income from taxes collected can be used to put up social amenities such as parks. Lastly, tobacco industry carries with it many employment opportunities and hence a source of livelihood for many citizens. This paper is an analysis of smoking in public places, and it will also help us understand its effects and how people view this practice and what majority feel should be done. Despite the few positive impacts that come with smoking, many are the adverse impacts and effects that accompany smoking. To start with, smoking has been ranked as the primary cause of health problems globally (Fong, 15-45). According to information from health offices, one cigarette contains more than 4000 chemical substances that are the cause of the many health problems whereby 70 of these chemicals are known to cause cancer. These chemicals have for a long time been associated with diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases, asthma or bronchitis. Reports have indicated that approximately 3,000 adults die each year in the United States due to lung cancer. This is a huge number compared to other causes of deaths in the same country. Another report from Britain indicated that while 3,500 people are killed e ach year in road accidents, 12,000 people die each year out of exposure to tobacco smoking (Hudson, par. 2-6). This shows that smoking has potential to take away many live more than other forms of health risks and people should be aware of all the risks that come along with smoking. Other than active smokers being exposed to dangers of tobacco smoking, passive smokers share the same fate. This is because passive smokers

Scope of nursing Essay Example for Free

Scope of nursing Essay Expanding o r E panding your Scope of N rsing Nursing Practice – a practical g p guide Leanne Boase Deborah Pedron The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Scope of Nursing and p g Midwifery Practice What is it? Why Wh is it so important? Why is everyone y y talking about it? Who manages it? Who is responsible? The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Aims of this Presentation 1. To define what Scope of Practice means for Nurses and Midwives Midwives. 2. To present different concepts around Scope of p p p Practice 3. T 3 To report on findings of a small survey of t fi di f ll f nurses and Scope of Practice 4. To discuss expanding Scope of Practice and provide a framework 5. To relate these concepts to ‘real life’ nursing roles. o es. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre According to our nurses, Scope Of Practice P ti (SOP) is: i SO SOP is Guidelines G and Frameworks we need to abide and work within SOP relates to what I am allowed and not allowed to do within my profession SOP relates to codes of conduct, ethics and professional conduct SOP relates to what a nurse can do within their skill base Area of tasks, procedures and actions a nurse can legally and safely undertake according to their training and education The scope of which p my role as a RN, specialist or credentialed DNE can work within Maintaining knowledge base and competency through constant learning and professional development The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Something which I am taught, qualified, taught qualified or competent to do Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre What is Scope of Practice? p â€Å"That which Nurses and â€Å"the range of roles, functions, functions responsibilities activities, which a registered nurse or a registered midwife is educated, competent, and has the authority to perform † perform. (An Bord Altranais p1) Midwives are educated, competent and authorised to perform. † (QNC p3) Scope of p p practice is not defined in many places. We should define nursing practice and outline principles to assist with the expansion of one’s scope p p of practice And/ Or Require the health professional to identify restricted activities. ( (DEST) ) The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service â€Å"What health care workers actually do in the course of their employment which encompasses the full range of nursing activities. † An individuals scope refers to â€Å"the activities which that nurse is educated and authorised to perform. † (NSWNA p1) â€Å"A professions scope of practice is the full spectrum of roles, functions, responsibilities, activities and decision-making capacity which i di id l within th profession are it hi h individuals ithi the f i educated, competent and authorised to perform†. â€Å"The scope of practice of an individual nurse or midwife may be more specifically defined than the scope of practice of their profession. † ti f th i f i † (ANMC 2007 p2;23) Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre What is Scope of Practice? p †¢ Our definition: Full range of activities that we (nurses and midwives) have been educated, deemed competent, and are authorised to do. It is t t d th i d t d i not just a list of activities and j tasks, or a role description. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre What Evidence supports your SOP? †¢ From our nurses: – Continuing Professional Development (CPD) – Number of hours per week working – Certificates registration Certificates, – Reflection – Document everything y g †¢ From the literature: – Maintaining records of:  » Reviewing journal articles  » In service education In-service  » Conferences  » Informal or formal discussions  » Accredited educational programs The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Who determines Scope Of Practice? p Is it the clinician the employer, the profession, the clinician, employer profession client, the registering body, the area of practice or specialty, the legislation, codes of conduct IT IS ALL OF THESE!! The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Who determines Scope Of Practice? p From the literature, there are several common themes: The primary determinant of scope of practice for all nurses and midwives is the enhancement of outcomes d id i i th h t f t for patients, and meeting consumer needs. Nurses and Midwives are responsible for their own decisions around scope of practice There are many factors that influence and contribute to scope of practice (Nurses Board Western Australia, Nurses Board of Victoria, Australian Nursing Federation, Ohio Nurses Board, Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council) The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Who determines Scope Of Practice? p Employers, Employers Organisations ; their Policies Patient ; Consumer Needs ; Outcomes O t Professional Bodies SOP Individual Scope of Practice Nurse Or Midwife – You! Regulatory Authorities The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Law Craigieburn Health Service Professional P f i l Scope of Practice Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Why do we need to expand SOP? Nursing d Mid if N i and Midwifery experience and knowledge are i dk l d invaluable resources. It is natural for a Nurse or Midwife to evolve from being a novice, to an expert, and even further towards expanding their scope of p p g p practice, as they y continually learn and adapt to the needs of their clients Again, i A i primarily, expanding scope of practice must il di f ti t be driven by the need to provide improved outcomes and meet the needs of consumers. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Why do we need to expand SOP? The Health Care Landscape is changing! y Think about the shift to community based and outpatient care, higher acuity patients, technological advances, etc. advances etc The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Why do we need to expand SOP? Nursing and Midwifery evolves along with the i d id if l l ih h health care sector. Nurses and Midwives are: †¢ Participating more and more in evaluation, g patient care assessment and decision making in p †¢ Professional – educated, competent, authorised and registered †¢ Participating in the growth and evolution th d l ti of health care The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p †¢ How our nurses and midwives have d id i h maintained/expanded theirs: – Conferences/workshops/courses – Self-directed learning i. e. research on-line, journal g ,j reading – In-service education †¢ How they plan to expand in the future: – As above – Presenting in-services in area of expertise The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p The key concepts for Expanding Scope of Practice found in the literature include: 1. The primary motivation of any expansion to scope of practice is to meet needs of the client or improve outcomes and access 2. The competency or task must be well defined and understood 3. Any expansion must enhance the existing aspects of professional practice 4. The expansion to scope is lawful, appropriate for the context, consistent with relevant standards, acceptable to the profession, consistent with the relevant profession organisations’ policies and consultation and planning has occurred. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p Key concepts of Expanding Scope of Practice – continued: 5. The registered nurse/midwife expanding their practice is already practising at an advanced level and has the education p p , p p and competence to perform the task, and is prepared to be accountable. They have been assessed by a competent health professional. 6. Nurses and midwives are accountable for making professional 6 N d id i t bl f ki f i l judgements when an activity is beyond their capacity and to initiate consultation/referral 7. Nursing and midwifery decisions are best made in a collaborative context, with ongoing risk assessment, planning, planning evaluation and support Always discuss expanding your scope with your peers, employers, professional organisations and your registering body. d i i b d The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p There should be no artificial barriers to Scope Of Practice or expanding SOP such as: †¢ Ambiguous or inconsistent policy †¢ Overly specific or restrictive policy †¢ Inconsistent guidelines and frameworks eg. differences between States and regions †¢ Turf wars or uninformed attitudes The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Expanding Scope of Practice p g p When developing policy and planning for expansion consider: †¢ Permissive versus restrictive approaches – do you want to specifically restrict practice, or allow expansion to proceed within the broader guidelines? †¢ Profession versus client focussed approaches – it is best to be responsive to the needs of the client – ‘nurses will do what nurses needs to be done, providing he or she is competent to do it’. †¢ Competency standards should recognise the characteristics of nursing as well as the broader attributes or potential and i ll h b d ib i l d evolving roles. †¢ Overarching or broad statements are more effective than detailed or overly-specific statements when defining or expanding scope of practice. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre SOP Expansion Framework Self-inquiry Define the task or activity you wish to add to your role, then ask: Is it legal? No STOP No Yes STOP Am I covered by Hospital Policy? Yes Yes Am I competent? Do I have relevant knowledge and confidence? Yes Am I willing to accept . accountability? Yes PROCEED The Northern Hospital Do you need to develop policy in line with the evidence base? Will this improves outcomes for the patient/consumer and will it improve access to services? Panch Health Service No STOP No STOP Can you access relevant education, education are you willing? NO STOP Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Key Take Home Messages y g †¢ This is relevant to all nurses and midwives. †¢ Not one single factor determines Scope Of Practice. †¢ Scope o p act ce should be shaped to benefit the of practice s ou d s aped be e t t e patient, and improve outcomes, as should any expansions to SOP. †¢ Governance of SOP is complex, but is essentially the responsibility of the nurse or midwife . †¢ Use this frame ork and information in conj nction framework conjunction with NMBA/AHPRA guidelines, relevant State or Federal Legislation, and your g , y employing organisation and it’s policies. The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre Questions The Northern Hospital Panch Health Service Craigieburn Health Service Broadmeadows Health Service Bundoora Extended Care Centre

The Family Structure as a “Mythical Force” in the Fate of the Heroines Essay Example for Free

The Family Structure as a â€Å"Mythical Force† in the Fate of the Heroines Essay In the long history of Chinese Literature, the role of women has always been very limited to isolated cases only. These limitation and restriction refer of course not only to women fictionists, poets, and other writers but also to women characters in fiction, poems, and other writings. As a matter of fact, it is said that women’s literature has been badge by critics as inferior and mediocre in the context of a larger Chinese literary theory. This can be attributed to the many and varied restrictions imposed on women not only in mainstream and classic Chinese literature but also in Chinese society[i]. At the onset, China has been portrayed by both Chinese and foreigners as a country which is known to have observed two of the most women-biased practices in the world. First is a place where there is a palpable patriarchal family system where women are assigned and restricted to traditional domestic roles. Second is a place where 1949 revolution and post- Mao reforms has thwarted marriage and family life altogether[ii]. Traditional China is known to have a government that reserve officialdom and educational opportunities exclusively for men. Women would only have an opportunity to learn through family ties and clans. For the most part of the population such as the peasant, the artisans, and the merchants, most of the women would not even have an opportunity for education as opposed to the members of educated elite where women have a chance to at least learn little things like playing a musical instrument, learning how to paint, and learning how to play chess. However, girls are only limited to learn such things as compared to their brothers who go to schools and taught by private tutors. This disparity is attributed to two reasons. First, there is no such thing as lure of wealth and fame for the family that accompanied girls’ involvement in civil service examinations and official career. Second, the Chinese society dictates that the primary and foremost role of a woman is to fulfill her prescribed functions in the family as a wife, a mother, and a daughter-in-law. For the most part in the history of China, women’s lives have been devoted to the preparation for and actual undertaking of these traditional roles in their own nuclear family and most especially the family of their husbands[iii]. At an early age, young girls are undertaking an exclusive feminine training program. This is followed in a very strict manner from one family to another. At the age of seven, the girl must be separated from her brothers and other male relatives. She will then be send in her own apartment where her only company would only be her nurse, her maidservant, and the female members of the family like mothers and sisters. At the age of ten, he will then be taught various and important domestic arts such as sewing, weaving, embroidering, and supervising household. In her middle late teens, her marriage will then be arranged by her parents and will have to devote her life to her husband, parents-in-law, and children[iv]. Marriage in China is not the kind of marriage that we know it today. It is an alliance of two families rather than an alliance of two lovers. The bride and the groom desires and choices were taken into consideration only if they are not contrary to the concern and interest of the family[v].   There is a high range of parental involvement in the marriage choices of their children. As a matter of fact, parents often initiate the matchmaking most especially in urban areas. It is also said that mothers have exercised more influence in their children’s marriages than fathers as a general rule[vi]. Women have the greatest burden in them because they are expected to behave in certain fashion and to have the perfect qualities of a wife. In general, a bride is expected to have accomplished her three major responsibilities. It is believed that to fall short of these expectations would bring disgrace to herself, her parents, and to her clan. First of these three obligations would be to perform domestic duties. This would include cooking, sewing, embroidering, taking care of children, and other domestic roles that she is taught and expected to learn and practice by heart and soul such as Mrs. Wenqing in A Posthumous Son by Ye Shaojun. Second of these obligations would be to attend to the needs and comfort of her husband and other elders. This is understood as not only doing domestic roles but also to be there for the husband in times of both physical and emotional needs. The third and the most important of all are the bearing and the raising of a male descendant[vii]. It is the fulfillment of the last obligation that a woman’s position and authority in the family is greatly hinged. It is believed that having a son is highly important because it is the only way to assure the continuity of the family line. If she can’t have a natural son, she would adopt from other family members and relatives. The family could also hire a concubine where the father could bear a child with. The child will then become a member of the family with the first wife as the acting mother of the child. He will then be incorporated in the first family as an heir as if he is a natural son of the first couple.     Throughout the lifetime of a married Chinese woman, she is totally confined within the sphere of her residence and her domestic roles. She can only have occasional trips to temples, scenic spots, and house of a relative but for the most part of her life she is confine in the four corners of the house of her husband[viii]. Not only are women depicted in this kind of roles and predicament in the society but also in literature. There are a lot of criticisms over the silencing of women not only in everyday life situations but also in literature[ix]. In particular, a Chinese household is represented primarily by a long string of ancestors that is traced back from one senior male to another senior male. This lineage is defined by the relationship of a father to his son and from brother to brother. In this sense, women are generally outsiders. They are only necessary for so long as they can reproduce sons and heirs. Otherwise, they are aliens in the husband’s family. After she is married to her husband, she is to retain her natal surname because she is expected to maintain links of her birth family to secure political alliances. This is only for this purpose, other than this; she is also an alien to her birth family as well. This means one thing, the woman is only recognized as a member of the family and as a blood relative for so long as they are beneficial to the ties. In other words, she is really an outsider to their personal lives. Daughters are only considered as a temporary member of his father’s household because she is expected to be married to her husband. Moreover, daughter also does not have a share in her father’s land and other properties[x]. In the stories that will discussed in the next paragraphs, it is evident that the role of women in the domestic sphere and the positions that they occupy in the household and in the family results not only to their inferiority but also to their demise and fall. This pre-determined roles that they have which is both imposed by the society and defined by patriarchal ideologies is the very reason why women in traditional China ended up to their graveyards and their misfortunes. This is also true in literature, the prescribed roles that women have in the household outline their troubles, grief, and fate. The roles that they have to fulfill for the benefit of the family are seldom appreciated and were never enough for their male counterparts. These demise and misfortune that they experienced and will experience could be explained not only because of their imposed traditional roles but also to their relationship with men especially their husbands. Women’s powerlessness coupled with men’s authority is the main reason why women’s lives fall apart. Because of these two factors, women are sent to their fall. First, they are unable to decide for themselves because of the prescribed roles imposed by the society. Second, they are unable to defy the norms because of a patriarchal authority and power that they are made to succumb to. These two factors work hand in hand to oppressed women not only in the society but also in literature. The heroines in the four stories that are to be discussed next will contextualize the abovementioned claim that this paper is espousing. At the onset, women are expected to accomplish all the three obligations that she is expected to have. The third and the most important one which is already mentioned earlier would be to produce an heir. In A Posthumous Son, the wife’s predicament started when she is unable to produce a son after several attempts. The first child was a daughter. The second up to the seventh one is also a daughter which saddened the mother and angered the father. It is evident that the Chinese tradition dislikes daughters. In Mr. Wenqing’s opinion: â€Å"But the third one was also a girl. This was getting a bit irritating. We’re not gardeners, what can we do with all these flowers, even if they do look pretty; as far as keeping us company in our old age is concerned, we don’t need that many! And then the fourth one was also a girl! I can’t help feeling that there must be something wrong with the way your body works, if it can only produce girls and nothing else. What’s the point in producing the same thing time after when what we need is some variety[xi]†. This quote suggest more than the dislike of daughters but also of attributing the entire fault to the woman. This statement by the father asserts his authority over the woman. Moreover, it also reasserts the responsibilities of the woman to produce a son. It is evident that all throughout the story the only concern of both the mother and the father was to produce a son and nothing else. As a matter of fact, the mother has already compensated her attention towards her other kids because of her desire to produce an heir. However, this desire is not wholly for her sake but only for the sake of the husband. It is evident that she is willing to undergo several pregnancies which are dangerous to her health just for the sake of fulfilling her obligation to her husband. â€Å"Nevertheless she did not give way to despair, since she retained her faith in her child-bearing capacity. Once more she pleaded him, ‘Please wait one more time, just this once! If there’s no change this time, I won’t stand in your way any longer. I don’t want to make things worse for either of us[xii]’† Furthermore, this story also affirms the earlier assertion that the role of a woman is reduced to their abilities to accomplish the very important obligation of hers which is to produce an heir. Otherwise, they can be replaceable and will be considered as a stranger or an alien in the household. The husband has in fact considered replacing her and has replaced her with another woman which can give him a son. â€Å"Only girls, never anything else! You can’t blame me, I’ve been as patient as any man could be, I’ve got no choice but to get another woman.[xiii].† This suggests that the relationship of husband and wife in the Chinese household is really all about having an heir and never about love and support. This is also true in the story Slaves’ Mother in which the father hired a concubine. Moreover, he was even willing to spend a fortune just for him to have a son with the second mother. This responsibility outlines the worth of the woman. In which case, it depresses her when she cannot fulfill them because this responsibility is equal to her life and her survival. As a matter of fact, it is evident that in the story she was likewise devastated as her husband when she found out that she cannot produce anything else but daughters. When she was still unable to produce a son, she was so sad that she wept almost always. Finally, when she was able to give birth to a son, it was believed that she was able to restore her dignity. Together with this, she has also restored her position in the household as a wife replacing the concubine’s role. â€Å"The senior’s wife dignity was from this point on restored, and all were unanimous in her praise. ‘Fortune’s caught up with her now,’ they agreed. She herself was very clear and now she was fully entitled to make demands[xiv].†This means that the fulfillment of the obligation is the only factor why she enjoyed that position. When the son died, she went back to her original demise. The death of the son even further caused the demise and the fall of the entire family when her husband died or committed suicide in the river. In this kind of situation, the woman’s reason for living is reduce to her functions and not to her essence as a living being. The story is a commentary of two things. First, women’s roles in the household are always upheld to the extent that it becomes the very essence of her existence. Second, the man can do whatever he pleases and can alienate the woman as long he wanted provided that she is unable to fulfill her responsibilities. The demise of the woman will have to result to the fall of the whole family which is a reaffirmation of the secret power that the woman has in the family which is seldom appreciated and recognized. Another story entitled the Slaves’ Mother by Rou Shi as mentioned earlier is also a commentary on how a woman is expected to fulfill her responsibilities both as a wife and a producer of an heir. However, the story added another element to the role of the woman, that is, breadwinning. But everything still boils down to her obligation to provide an heir to another man. The wife’s predicament in this story is different from the first story in the sense that she is not fertile to produce nothing but daughters. Her demise lies in the fact that her husband cannot earn a living because of his disease. This shifts the burden of breadwinning to the wife which was likewise left without a choice. This story is a commentary on the role of the wife to the household as different to the prescribed as far as it is in relation to his original husband. Instead of just being a wife, the woman is attributed a different role, that is, to earn a living for the husband and the child. In the words of the husband: â€Å"There is nothing for it. If we go on this way we’ll even be selling our little cooking pots before long. Looks as though you’ll have to provide the solution. No use your staying and starving with me.[xv]† This is a blunt admission on the part of the man that he can no longer support the family which is supposed to be his responsibility. In this sense, the role of the woman is uplifted to a higher level than the man but is still hinged unto the main obligations that a woman should take part in as the society. But this does not last for very long because the woman was still restricted to her traditional role as a wife in her second husband’s household. She was still expected to produce a son which she was able to accomplish. However, even with this, she was still brought to her failure by losing both sons away from her. When she gave birth to the second son, she was longing for the first. When she was finally with the firs son, she was longing for the second. This can be explained through the previous line of thought already mentioned earlier. The very essence of a woman’s role has become the very essence of her existence. Without the fruits of his responsibilities which are her sons, she cannot survive. Her worth is measured through her ability to produce an heir. In the story, even if the woman has successfully undergone the responsibility in an easy manner, still she lost both sons. The firs son was lost because she was not able to take care of him due to her being away from her. The second son was lost because he was simply not destined to be hers since she was just a second wife. Secondly, the authority of the first husband is also evident as she was unable to defy his orders when he ordered she had to be sold to another man for the family to be able to eat. This is another factor to the fall of the woman in the story. It is evident that everything the husband told her is a matter of compliance on the part of the wife. She was willing to leave her two-year old son just to fulfill the orders of the husband. She was willing to endure the pain of giving birth to another child because her husband told her so. Even at the end of the story, the husband was still very authoritative. â€Å"Neither she nor her husband spoke. As night fell his drooping head straightened up and she said: ‘Cook us a meal’[xvi].†

Approaches to Motivation at Work

Approaches to Motivation at Work Motivation is a general term used to describe the process of starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities. The word motivation comes from the Latin movere to move. It is also an internal state of being, or an internal condition that activates ones behaviour, giving it direction. Motivation is to encourage people to work, individually or in groups in the ways such as to produce best results. It is the will to act and the willingness to exert high levels of effort towards organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts and ability to satisfy some individual need. The managements important task is to motivate others. It comprises the abilities to communicate, to set an example, to challenge, to encourage, obtaining feedback, to involve, to delegate, to develop and train, to inform, to brief and to provide a just reward. There are mainly two kinds of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is internal it occurs when people are bound to do something out of satisfaction, significance or need. Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors make the person to do something. A work place is the most common place where we can apply need of motivation. Motivation also plays a key role in leadership success at work place. Motivation propels life it plays a major role in nearly everything we do without motivation we would simply not care about outcomes means, accomplishment, education, success, failure, employment etc. Motivation is our group topic and we have covered many sub topics in motivation like Meaning of motivation, Maslow hierarchy of needs theory, Approaches to motivation and influences of motivation, Alderfers modified need hierarchy model, Equity theory of motivation, Vrooms expectancy theory, Herzbergs motivation -hygiene theory. And as a member of group I have covered the topic Approaches to motivation and influences of motivation. APPROACHES TO MOTIVATION AT WORK AND INFLUENCES OF MOTIVATION There are number of different approaches to work motivation, most of which can be broken into either content theories or process theories. Content theories focus on what motivates people to perform and are concerned with identifying the different rewards that people seek in their work. Process theories focus on how rewards control behaviour. These theories are concerned with the dynamics or process aspects of work motivation. The content theory of motivation mainly focuses on the internal factors that energize and direct human behaviour. Maslows hierarchy of needs, Alderfers ERG theory, Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory (Herzbergs dual factors theory) and McClellands learned needs or three needs theory are some of the major content theories. The most famous content theory is Abraham Maslows hierarchy of human needs. Maslow introduced five levels of basic needs through his theory. Basic needs are categorized as physiological needs, safety and security needs, needs of love, needs for self esteem and needs for self-actualization. Just like Maslows hierarchy of needs, ERG theory explains existence, relatedness, and growth needs. Through dual factors theory, Herzberg describes certain factors in the workplace which result in job satisfaction. McClellands learned needs or three needs theory uses a projective technique called the Thematic Aptitude Test so as to evaluate people based on three needs; power, achievement and affiliation. People with high need of power take action in a way that influences the others behaviour. Process theory is one more type of motivation theory. Process theories of motivation provide an opportunity to understand though processes that influence behaviour. The major process theories of motivation include Adams equity theory, Vrooms expectancy theory, goal setting theory, and reinforcement theory .Goal setting theory suggests that the individuals are motivated to reach set goals. It also requires that the set goals should be specific. Reinforcement theory is concerned with controlling behaviour my manipulating its consequences. There are four different types of approaches to motivation. Economic needs motivation. Social concept of motivation. Self-actualization needs. Complex man concept of motivation. ECONOMIC NEEDS MOTIVATION According to Taylor man is a rational economic animal with maximising his economic gain. Taylor had a simple view about what motivated people at work is money and no other factor motivate as much as money motivate people. In this approach man form of motivation is high wages. In short, the more money you offer the worker, the more motivated they will be to work. And the weakness in this approach is money is an important motivation at work for many people, it isnt for everyone. Taylor overlooked the fact that people work for many reasons other than financial reward. SOCIAL CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION In this type of motivation approach people are believed to be motivated by human needs and achieve their satisfaction through social groups with whom they interact. Encouraging team building, providing supportive practices, and permitting co-workers the opportunity to interact socially on the job, Also people are motivated by giving day off or special bonuses on religious or family festival. By doing this people are more motivate and encouraged to do his best possible thing for the work assigned to them. Difficult to participate and connect with the group cause elevation of turnover of people resulting into lowering of moral, psychological fatigue, reduced levels of performance, SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS According to Maslow: desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything one is capable of becoming It is about the question of reaching ones full potential as a person unlike lower level needs, this need is never fully satisfied as one grows psychologically there are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Organizations can help employees satisfy self actualization needs by encouraging creativity, allowing risk taking decision making and supporting workers in their efforts to develop their skills. Self actualized individuals are often motivated by a strong sense of personal ethics and responsibility. They enjoy solving real world problems and are often concerned with helping other people improve their own life. Also self actualized persons have frequent occurrences of peak experiences, which are energized moments of profound happiness and harmony. According to Maslow only a small percentage of the population reaches the level of self actualization. COMPLEX MAN CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION In this type of motivation approach people are unique, different and their approaches also vary. Complex man is based on the fact that people are variable, they change the ways they seek fulfilment, respond in a variety of ways. There are large numbers of variables which influence organizational performance. It is not limited to social or monetary rewards. In this type of approach sometimes people are motivated by verbal acknowledgement and sometimes people are not satisfied by promoting to higher post. CONCLUSION An understanding of motivation approaches theories can help mangers increase employee performance. Employees generally fall into two types: self motivated, and those that require external motivation to stay motivated. Self motivated employees tend to exhibit good performance even if they are never provided with much external motivation, but their performance increases still more if they are provided with that motivation. Employees that do require external motivation certainly improve in performance when skilfully motivated. Highly motivated employees are highly productive employees and they are superior. Last but not least I would like to tell something about my group we are in group 9 including 6 people. We were divided in a group by college authority we were aware about each other but not so familiar. Initially when we were formed in a group all were working with their own method which resulted into conflict between team members. Due to more interventions of each other we appointed one person as a group leader. Now all the conflicts are settled and all members resist the task with full cooperation. We all have work very hard as team members to give our best and make this topic interesting. All have dedicated their time from busy schedule and gather at one place to prepare for the topic. As a group the level of motivation was very high as our group leader have worked very hard to coordinate with each team member and execute the order to be in the loop with each other so we can solve our difficulty by consulting each other. All team members were very cooperative and dedicative which resulted into good quality of work.

Happiness Comes From Within :: Happiness Essays

Their farm was two hundred acres of corn fields, cows, pigs, and, of course, chickens. No farm would be complete without chickens. At the southeast corner of the farm, behind the smaller corn field, was the brook with clear cold water that reached past my knees. On most weekends my family would go to visit our friends, the Tailors, who had at one time seven boys to keep them company. All of them were grown with their own lives to attend to, except for Dan, who stayed on at the farm to help keep up the crops. His younger brother Dave still came back to the farm, from the busy city, to visit and bring his children to see their grandparents. Even though they were about the same age as my brother and I, we did not play with them because they were greedy and didn't suit our playing qualifications by continuously changing rules and cheating. It was rare that we encountered them anyhow, and that suited us fine. Most of the time we would stay the whole weekend. Our parent's elected t o sleep in a tent, while my brother and I slept in one of the many cozy bedrooms of the farmhouse. We loved it there and secretly both he and I wished that we could stay forever. There were separate reasons why we loved it there. My brother, Forest, had a choice of over a dozen different old cars and trucks. Forest was allowed under the hoods so that he could tinker with the engines and figure out how they functioned. He was a ten-year old mechanical genius. Everyone knew that he was going to grow up to be a mechanic. When he was five or six; Forest found an old transmission behind the barn; in two hours he had taken it apart and put it back together again without prior instruction. Old mister Tailor watched from a distance while Forest disassembled and methodically assembled the transmission to its original form.Our parent's are proud and still equally impressed as the day it happened. They still brag and carry on about his genius endeavor, as they do with both of us for the many special encounters accumulated during our formative years. My reasons for loving that farm cannot be so simply expressed.

Graduation Speech: A Great Time to Be a Graduate :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Ladies and Gentlemen we are assembled here this evening to celebrate the graduation of the Community College Class of 2012. With this celebration comes many distinctions, honors and legacies. This is a great time to be a graduate of Community College, because we are a group of students who are graduating with high grade point averages, leadership skills, overall talent, plus we are leaving behind much to be admired by future classes. Our class is also a very diverse and dedicated one. As if being a student alone was not a difficult task, many of our classmates hold jobs outside of school, are active in their communities as coaches, volunteers, athletes and leaders, and many have families to take care of. Our class has much to be excited about, many positive changes have come to our school because of the efforts of those in our class. We have held many amazing programs the past two years and especially this year. We have had several nationally known speakers and leaders visit our campus to inform us about local, national and international events. They have also come to our campus to see what has been going on here in Loyville and how they can use our models to aid other programs. We have had such speakers as civil rights activist Dick Gregory, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., local screen writer and producer Sherman Alexie, Gov. Gary Locke and U.S. Sen. Patty Murray. These past two years have also seen the addition in artwork here as well. Several new paintings and other hangings have been presented to the college, such as Dallas M. "Gray Eagle" Singhurst II's "Yu 'Pik fur seal mask" and the "Loyville Community College History Mural" painted by Bernie Webber. These artworks not only add to the campus but explain the history of the college and our community. There have been additions to school programs as well, including a women's soccer program, high school First Reach program designed to encourage local high school students to come to EvCC, a health and wellness series, and even a college rowing club designed to help students "catch the spirit of rowing." Members of the class of '99 and guests, I hold in my hand for you a special gift, from the classrooms of EvCC comes tonight's Top 10 List. These are the top 10 reasons to be proud to be part of the graduating class of 1999: 10.

Social Oppression Exposed in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable :: Untouchable

Social Oppression Exposed in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable Untouchable by Mulk Raj Anand offers more than just a day in the life of a member of India's lowest caste. Anand manages to "touch" the reader with Bakha's untouchability. As he struggles to internalize his place in society, Bakha displays to the reader his potential, and how his low-caste birth has affected his spirit. As the story progresses, the reader experiences with Bakha the reality of his place in society and his struggle with that realization. At one point in the novel, Bakha is sweeping the courtyard of a Hindu temple, and is overpowered by his curiosity to see what lies within. Bakha's inner struggle over peering into the temple and the repercussions of his acting out that desire parallel the divided nature of his will: A murderer might have advanced like that, one confident in his consummate mastery of the art of killing. But he soon lost his grace in the low stoop which the dead weight of years of habitual bending cast on him. †¦After he had mounted the first two steps, he stood completely demoralized with fear and retreated†¦(Anand 58) This quotation is one of several in which Anand portrays a noble side to Bakha. Bakha's movement is compared with that of "a murderer†¦ confident in his consummate mastery of the art†¦" While the word "murderer" carries negative connotations, Anand's choice of metaphor is powerful in that it carries with it all the strength of purpose and artful skill required of the professional assassin. Long years of degradation and menial work have taken their toll on Bakha. His return to a stooping posture displays more than physical deformity. The "dead weight of years" rests heavily on his spirit as well, demoralizing him into a retreat from the forbidden temple steps, and recalling to his demeanor the "humble, oppressed under-dog that he was by birth."(58) Bakha's self-doubt is reinforced when he finally summons the courage to climb the temple steps and explore the mysteries within.

COT: Commerce in the Indian Ocean Essay

In the Indian Ocean region from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E., commerce changed in that there was a shift in dominance over trade, and the demand of certain products changes, and a continuity was the Europeans’ demands for goods from Asia. A change in commerce from 650 C.E. to 1750 C.E. was the changing of control over trade. Around 650 C.E., the Swahili dominated the trade, especially since there were so many coastal forts of the east side of Africa. Trade then switched amongst the Muslims of the Middle East, China and then the various European groups. This was a change because the Swahili were native to Africa, and sold ivory, gold, iron, slaves and exotic animals for silk in Persia and porcelain in China while power shifted multiple times until Europeans steadily began dominating sea trade, especially with the high demand and cheap expense to sell the slaves to the Americas, Asia, India, and parts of Europe. Another change in the Indian Oceans regions’ commerce was the demand of certain products such as crops from the Americas, cotton textiles from China, and slaves (and etc). Certain crops from the America’s became high in demand, especially maize, for those in the Eastern part of the world. Cotton textile became of decently high demand in the response towards everyone who has and will buy the textiles, and slaves became higher in demand as more people found them cheaper and more hard working than those who were paid. They could’ve come from the east coast of the African continent, from the Philippines, or the small islands there. This was a change because before slaves, the goods that were wanted were gold, silk and many other goods from all over. Something that continued was that the Europeans always demanded a lot of goods from Asia. In China, European merchants would spend lavish amounts of money on silk and spices, even when in the long run it hurt their own economy. They took on the attitude opposite of mercantilism, where instead of closing importation and focusing more on their own country/ kingdom, they chose to only really import goods. Most Asians weren’t really interested in getting anything in return goods-wise as Europeans didn’t have much to offer, but they probably wanted the European’s gold or silver coins that came from the mines in Brazil. This was a continuation by European merchants trading with Asian traders because even when European explorers just barely discovered China, they already wanted to buy the foreign goods and spend lavishly on many unique and never seen before treasures. Some changes that occurred from the time 650 c.e. to 1750 c.e. in the commerce of the Indian Ocean region were the shift in dominance over trade, and the on-demand goods change; something that continued was Europeans’ over eagerness to buy from the Asians.

Fashion: -a Person

Para -â€Å"Fashion† meaner the prevailing mode in such things as are subject to change in form or style, as in ornament and etiquette, and especially in dress in the dictionary. -It has spread in all the spheres of our life. -The craze for fashion is great among young people all over the world. Para -l agree with the girl on the right. -A person should be dressed in clothes that suit him or her. – A person should not lose his or her personality, deny the comfort and waste money on these well- designed products of one's imagination.Clothes are put on to help one look presentable. -People should not follow fashion blindly because it might not reflect our personality. -Moreover, the fashion designers created their clothes for certain people, so it cannot suit everyone. -Ones should choose the most comfortable clothing on their own, because only they know what is the most suitable and convenient for them. Para -Malaysia is a country without four seasons. -Malaysia's weathe r is always hot. -Thick and woolen clothes are not suitable for our climate.We must choose our clothing properly because certain clothes are against our culture or tradition. -Some people may misunderstood and feel that we did not respect them. -We should not wear clothes that are too sexy. Para -Certain clothes are not suitable for the ordinary person because they are special designed for celebrities. -Certain clothes will look exaggerate on us. -Sometimes,we will even being laugh by others . Para 5 – Economically, fashion trends valued by high price.A person that follow fashion has to spend a lot of money buying new clothes as fashion changed everyday. – It is reasonless because for the same amount of one can buy a tremendous lot of clothes which are likely to help to express his personality. – Hence,a person should not pay such a high price to follow the fashion. Para -As a conclusion,we should wear clothes that suit oneself because it risk a lot as we will l ost a lot of money and we will lose our own personality if we follow fashion blindly. Fashion: -a Person By Berries

Translation of image in metaphor

The present study Is an attempt to Investigate the translation of image In metaphors. In translation of metaphor, It Is necessary to start with Investigating the concept of metaphor. So the definition of metaphor and different kinds of metaphor are presented. Imagery is a key concept in metaphor that helps the reader to visualize and experience the author's writing. Different type of imagery also presented. Then translation of metaphors ,including cognitive approach, is considered. At last the translation of metaphor in Persian poetry is investigated.Introduction Translation plays an essential role in transferring message from one culture to another (Batavia,2008). Deference between SSL and TTL can sometimes pose challenges in the process of translation. One of these challenges is the translation of metaphor. Metaphors can become a translation problem, since transferring from one language and culture to another Is difficult. â€Å"Translation of metaphor will be always seen as probl ematic, no matter which approach to metaphor Is chosen† (Olivier, 1998:5).Literature review There are no Instructions for devising metaphors; there Is no manual for determining hat a metaphor â€Å"means† or â€Å"says†; there is no test for metaphor that does not call for taste. A metaphor implies a kind and degree of artistic success; there are no unsuccessful metaphors There are tasteless metaphors, but these are turns that nevertheless have brought something off, even if it were not worth bringing off or could have been brought off better. (Davidson 29) According to Adage(1987:77) â€Å"metaphor presents a particularly searching tests of the translator's ability'.Furthers Olivier (1998:5) claims: â€Å"the translation of metaphor (†¦ ) Is problematic no matter which approach to metaphor is chosen†. Degrees of translatability of metaphor are classified as follows: 1 . Metaphors are untranslatable: the advocates of this are Nadia, Avian and Darlene , and Adage. They believe that translation creates a different metaphor In the target language. 2. Metaphors are fully translatable: Sloppier, Reels and Mason claim that there is no problem in metaphor translation. Metaphor is translated as a new metaphor in target language. 3.Metaphors are translatable but pose a degree of interlinguas in equivalence: Van Den Broke, Arabian Olivarez, Tour and Newark have this view. 4. Conciliatory approach: Snell Horny said that he text type determine the range of rendering. Mandible(1 995) focus on the translator's reaction time to show differences in the translation of SCM ( similar mapping condition) and the DIM ( different mapping condition). The work of other theorists like Coves(2005), AH Hosannas(2007), Male(2008) and Rainmakers and Gaur(2010) are all product-oriented, show that translation products depend on SCM and DIM.The common basis between all of these studies Is that â€Å"the more the two languages conceptualize metaphors In a salar y way. The easier the task of translation will be. Also some research have been done In relevance to the effect of translation on metaphor by Schaeffer(2004) and Starriest(1993). Towboats (1993: has to be culture specific, thus presenting what amounts to often insurmountable problems for translation, which is by definition a transactional process. Schaeffer (2004): Discussed some implications for a cognitive theory of metaphor to translating metaphor without trying to draw a theory or a model. Dickens (2005): Simplified Model, Full Model, a reworking of Newark in terms of legalized and non- legalized metaphors, where Arabic-English translation of metaphor is reduced to exuberance and congruence. First, it is claimed that if two languages have radically different conceptual systems, then translation from one language to the other is impossible.Second, it is often claimed that if translation is impossible, then speakers of one language cannot understand the other language. Third, it i s often claimed that if the languages have different conceptual systems, then someone who speaks one language will be unable to learn the other language because he lacks the right conceptual system. Fourth, to confuse matters further, it is sometimes claimed that since people â€Å"can† learn idiotically different languages, those languages couldn't have different conceptual systems (Alaska, 1987: 311). What is metaphor? According to Newark metaphor is † any figurative expression: the transferred sense of a physical word, the personification of an abstraction, the application of a word or collocation to what is doesn't literally denote, to describe one thing in terms of another. † He also introduces the polygamous words and English phrasal verb as metaphor. Most people think that metaphor is used only in the literature and is a feature of language. They introduce metaphor as â€Å"matter of words instead of thought r action†. But metaphors are used in every day conversation, in language, in thought and in action.George Alaska claims that â€Å"our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical nature. † Tall metaphor is described in two senses: in narrow sense, metaphor is figure of speech, one thing is described in terms of another. So metaphor is the combination of three components: tenor(object), vehicle(image), ground(sense) and is described as a resemblance between image and object. To explain more, we can say that the tenor and vehicle are connected by a verb that creates resemblance. The verb â€Å"to be† is often used to say the tenor is the vehicle.In broad sense metaphor is explained as what Newark define metaphor. In this broad sense metaphor is the relation between mind and cognition. From historical point of view, metaphor is a Greek word for transport and is defined as a transportation of concepts from its normal location to a new location. In the past, me taphor was figure of speech or form of figurative language that defined in terms of aesthetic and rhetorical points. It has been analyzed in term of components (image, object, sense) and types (dead, click, recent†¦ ). But nowadays, metaphor is seen in perspective of conceptualization and idealization.So the cognitive conceptual stylistic approaches are chosen. Metaphor is similar to simile. In simile A is like B, but in metaphor â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† are not used. It means that in simile the comparison stated explicitly, while in metaphor and simile depends on this point of similarity between topic and image. This implicit similarity may be understood from context. Different type of metaphor Newark expresses six types of metaphor. 1 . Dead metaphor: â€Å"Dead metaphors are metaphors where one is hardly conscious of he image, frequently relate to universal terms of space and time, the main part of body and main human activity. In translation of dead metaphor the same image is transferred. â€Å"An example of a dead metaphor would be the ‘body of an essay. ‘ In this example, ‘body' was initially an expression that drew on the metaphorical image of human anatomy applied to the subject matter in question. 2. Click metaphor: â€Å"Click metaphors are metaphors that have outlived their usefulness , that are used as substitute for clear thought , often emotively , but without corresponding to the facts of matter. Different image is made from SSL to TTL. Absence makes the heart grow fonder is a proverb click.Achilles heel is an allusion click. Acid test is an idiom click. Age before beauty is a catchphrase click. Alive and kicking is a doublet click. Avoid like the plague is a simile click 3. Stock or standard metaphor: Stock or standard metaphor is an â€Å"established metaphor which in an informal context is an efficient and conscious method of covering a physical or mental situation both referentially and pragmatically and which is not deadened by overuse. † In translation of standard metaphor the same image must be constructed n TTL. 4.Adapted metaphor: This type of metaphor â€Å"is actually a stock metaphor that has been adapted into a new context by its speaker or writer(fleetness' of a stock metaphor has been adapted or personalized in some way)† It can be translated by an equivalent adapted metaphor. 5. Recent metaphor: â€Å"This type of metaphor is produced through coining; they are often ‘anonymously' coined†. Recent metaphors should be translated using continental analysis. 6. Original metaphor: â€Å"Original metaphors, are created or quoted by the SSL writer or speaker usually to make discourse more interesting and often used to highlight particular points. Translator has some choices: literal translation, reduction to sense or modification of the metaphor. Alaska and Johnson determine 3 type of metaphor under the title of conceptual metaphor: 1 . Orientation metaphor: spatial orientation (up-down, in-out) is the concern. For example: happy is up. Sad is down: I'm feeling up today. He's really low these days. 2. Ontological metaphor: an abstraction such as emotion and ideas is replaced by a concrete thing such as object, substance or entity. In this definition some words need some explanation.Entity is made when an abstraction is replaced by concrete physical object. For example, the mind is represented as a machine: my mind Just isn't operating today. When abstraction is represented as material, substance is made. For example: there was a lot of good sprinting in the race. Container is one ontological metaphor: when one concept is shown as something that has outside and inside, and holds something else. For instance: get the most out of life. 3. Structural metaphor: this is a conventional metaphor in which one basic domain of experience is transferred to another basic domain.This is the most complex metaphor. For example: argument is w ar, so we can say: your claims are indefensible. The conventional metaphor in this definition is a metaphor that is used in everyday example: if life is a Journey so we can say: it's time to get on with your life. George Alaska represents another type of metaphor that is called image metaphor. According to Alaska â€Å"image metaphor maps conventional mental image onto other conventional mental image by virtue of their internal structure. † Image metaphor is different from conceptual metaphor.Some metaphors are used in advertising slogans, so they are o common and convert to something that is used in every day conversations. For example consider the metaphor of â€Å"life is a Journey' â€Å"Life is a Journey, travel it Airlines) â€Å"Life is a Journey. Enjoy the Ride. â€Å"(Ionians) â€Å"Life is a Journey. Enjoy the ride with a GM reward card. â€Å"(General Motors) â€Å"Life's a Journey–travel light†(Hugo Boss Perfume) Some metaphors used in the lyri cs. For example: Life's a Journey not a destination And I Just can't tell Just what tomorrow brings. From the album A Little South of Sanity) Poets use metaphor in poems. A common poem by the use of â€Å"life is a Journey† is The Road Not Taken† from Robert Frost: Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth. Then took the other, as Just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same. And both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I– I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all t he difference. Function of metaphor description of entities more comprehensively than in literal language (referential purpose). The second purpose is to delight, to please (pragmatic purpose). The third purpose is to show similarity between two comparable things that have one characteristic in common.Metaphors are also used to suggest the reader to think positively and beautifully to their life and world. â€Å"Love is a homeless guy searching or treasure in the middle of the rain and finding a bag of gold coins and slowly finding out they're all filled with chocolate and even though he's heart broken, he can't complain because he was hungry in the first place. â€Å"(Boo Burnham, â€Å"Love Is†) â€Å"Time, you thief†(Leigh Hunt, â€Å"Rounded†) â€Å"Memory is a crazy woman that hoards colored rags and throws away food. â€Å"(Austin Maloney) â€Å"Life is a zoo in a Jungle. (Peter De Varies) â€Å"Life is a game played on us while we are playing other games. â€Å"(Even Sear) The application of metaphor Metaphor is an important device for communication. The work of Alaska and Johnson wows the application of metaphors in cognitive linguistics, as well as cognitive anthropology, computer science, and philosophy of language also in psychology. In psychology, the work of Alaska and Johnson shows interest in study of metaphor in cognitive and clinical psychology. In a cognitive perspective, metaphor is example of mental model as well as analogical reasoning and problem solving.Analogies and metaphors make sense f the word. Gentler (1983) argues that metaphors help to understanding, decision- making, and action. Duke (1994) shows the effect of metaphor in applied field of software ergonomics. Tahiti, Photos and Grasses (1999) represent the effect of metaphor in communication process. Clinical psychology, concentrate on the role of metaphor in communication processes in psychotherapy. Imagery Imagery is not only the representation of v isual image in our mind. Imagery is more complex. And can be categorize in five types, each relevant to one of our sense.Newark claims that language refers to visual image and metaphor is the language reference to other senses. Hearing and touch are more powerful than taste and smell. Different type of imagery Visual images are mental pictures that are constructed in your mind. It means that in order to compare two things use picture rather than word. For example: the Tavern was worn down with age, the wooden bar chipping away, the floors looking black from the dirt, and the ceiling carrying dark brown stains from water damage. Auditory images relate to sound. It is a form of mental imagery that is used to organize sound.This image divided to two auditory modalities; verbal imagery and vividness and detail of auditory imagery depend on the background and condition of brain. As an example of auditory imagery we can express from an ode: â€Å"Or sinking as the light wind lives or die s; And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn; Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft, And gathering swallows twitter in the skies. † Kinesthesia images: where the reader can imagine the movements and action of a person or an object.For example: his body moved fluidly throughout the obstacle course, dodging every object thrown at him with agility and grace while speeding down the path. Olfactory images which refers to smell of the odors and scents. Example: the perfume she sprayed reminded her of the sweet and calming scent of mangos and vanilla, a wave of relaxation soon overcoming her. Gustatory images refer to the words in your mind that make you think of taste. For example: the artificial cherry taste of the cough medicine was overly flowery and sweet. Tactile image: allow reader to imagine a feel or texture of certain things.As an example: the blanket was as soft as cotton and as smooth as silk. Organic imagery which is the imagination of feeling what the character feels, such as thirst, hunger. As an example: he was completely drained of energy, his knees buckling from carrying his own weight and eyes drooping from exhaustion. Imagery used in three senses in literary eroticism: in the broad sense, the image need not be mental pictures. In narrow sense, imagery is description of visual objects and senses. The third, imagery means figurative language. Function of imagery Imagery is used in poetry and literature.In poetry is as a backbone of poem because imagery used in poem to evoke a response in reader. Imagery has different connotation and meaning, but for the poet they convey a complete human experience in every few words. Imagery in literature is a collection of techniques that appeal to the senses. There are two main types of language used in literature: secretive and figurative: in the descriptive language we can refer to the senses directly, while in the figurative language we should use some description and invoke other meaning. To create imagery in literature, both types of languages are used.The descriptive language use imagery directly to create a vivid, realistic description of the sense. This describes the appearance and setting, the different senses. Comprehension of metaphor There are some theories related to metaphor comprehension: 1 . Interaction theory: (proposed by Richards (1965), black (1962)), in this view the interaction between tenor and vehicle creates metaphor. . Mapping theory: (proposed by Alaska(1987)), this view use the terms of â€Å"source domain† and â€Å"target domain† to show the directionality of relation between these domains that called mapping. 3.Blending theory: in metaphor there are two psychological spaces: source psychological space and target psychological space. These two spaces make a new space. The sense of metaphor called generic space. If the source, target and generic spaces create a new space metaphor is mad e. Metaphor translation According to Newark, â€Å"whilst the central problem of translation is the overall choice translation of metaphor†. Unremarkable; 104) In order to interpretation of metaphors, translator can choose among some possibilities: 1 . Exact equivalence of original metaphor, 2. A metaphorical phrase which express a similar sense, 3.Untranslatable metaphor replaced with approximate literal paraphrase Problems relating to metaphor translation Adage points out â€Å"since a metaphor in SSL is, by definition, a semantic novelty, it can clearly have no existing equivalence in the TTL†. Another problem relates to what Limier claims † most words in a language have absorbed cultural aspects and historical experiences†. Metaphors often are culture-bound, and the best way for translation is direct translation. Metaphor as an issue in translation study Prescription versus description These two polarities (prescription and description) are one aspect o f translation problem.The advocates of prescriptive approach are Nadia, Van den Broke, Newark and the advocates of descriptive approach are Tour, Snell Horny, Baker. (Fernando et al 2003:61) These approaches seeking SST faithfulness have been increasingly disregarded in favor of target oriented studies, which had an impact on the concept of equivalence. Transgenic equivalence thus doesn't pursue ‘perfect' but rather ‘acceptable' rendering (Arabian-Lavaliere's) Classical versus conceptual perspective Another classification in study of metaphor is the polarities of classical and conceptual approach.While the principal of these two approaches are different, in recent decades some attempts have been done to combine these two approaches. In the classical view, metaphor was a rhetorical figure or a device to add interest to the text. At the same time, metaphor has been seen as something interesting, peripheral, as an object in realm of poetic rather than empirical analysis. Tr aditional understanding of metaphor as a figure of speech has been recently replaced with a more complex conceptual, cognitive approach(Schaeffer 2004).The publication of ‘Metaphors we live by (1980) by Alaska and Johnson change the whole world of study. In recent years the new conceptual view of metaphor is the most important view. Alaska and Johnson argues that marathons are nothing less than demonstration of the whole system of experience and thought of human society- in other words, â€Å"metaphor permeate and pervade both languages and thought†( Fernando 2003:65). So metaphor is an expression of conceptual mapping, while this view is the same of lassie view but it is said that mapping is a surface demonstration of the relation in a deeper level.Descriptive: _cultural Horny(1988-95), Towboats(1993) _(UN)translatability and cultural overlap(Adage(1976-1987) _(UN)translatability and structure of cultural information(Van Den Broke(1981) Prescriptive keeping the same me taphorical image _changing it into a simile _substituting by equivalent metaphor in the TTL _keeping the same metaphorical image and adding explanation _paraphrase Horny(1988-1995) claims that some abstract rule cannot describe metaphor, and the unction of metaphor within a context should be considered.Newark never said anything about the choice from among the procedure. Alaska and Johnson argue that â€Å"the metaphors that are most alive and most deeply entrenched, efficient and powerful are those that are so automatic as to be unconscious and effortless†. In recent work related to metaphor translation, the cognitive approach is adopted by different theorists and statisticians. They look at the metaphor not as stereotyped types, but as a process of mapping between two different domains that called the source domain and target domain.For example in the statement â€Å"this room is an oven† the target domain is our understanding of the concept of heat for it is the con cept we wish to express through the metaphor. The source domain is conceptualized as â€Å"an enclosed heated compartment_ an extremely hot place, which is vehicle for the metaphorical transfer. The whole metaphor can be expressed as â€Å"heat is an enclosed heated compartment. † The selection of translation method In order to preserve the image of metaphor 1 . Literal translation: the image in the target text is the same image transferred from source text. 2.The image in source text is replaced by another form in 3. Image is transferred but annotation is added. This is used when target text. There are cultural differences. So by the use of annotation the reader with different cultural background can understand metaphor. Mapping In this view instead of terms tenor and vehicle, two other terms are used that called source domain and target domain. In this theory, metaphor is the projection from source domain to target domain. Mapping between these two domains helps the reader to understand conceptual metaphor and the translator to translate effectively. Translation of metaphor: 1 .There isn't the same metaphor In the target text 2. The metaphor existing in target text, but the mapping doesn't follow directly. There are three possible reasons for this. -in target text another meaning is created. -the mapping doesn't occur in target language -the mapping has restriction. Now the choice of translator depends on the existence of conceptual metaphor. If the conceptual metaphor doesn't exist in target language, the translator has two choices: whether translate literally and add an explanation or without any consideration to mage-schematic mapping, translate the meaning of metaphor.But if conceptual metaphors are the same in source or target language the translation is as follow: if mapped instance is the same, an exact translation is used. And if different mapping is created in target language there are two choices: Use an explanatory simile or an instance wi th the same meaning is replaced. Finally if there isn't image-schema mapping in two languages, an explanatory simile is used or explanation added to direct translation. Cognitive approach Mandible In this model the cultural beliefs and values between two culturally different faculty is added when cultural differences are existed.If cultural background of two language readers is the same so we can say mapping conditions in the SSL and TTL are similar, and cultural gap create different mapping condition. These two conditions are basic terms used in mandible's Cognitive Translation Hypothesis. Mandible(1995) argues that translation of metaphor with a similar mapping condition(SCM) is simple and less time-consuming. When translator face with different mapping condition(DIM), has some choices: rendering the metaphor to simile, paraphrasing, footnote, explanation and omission.Mandible intended to show the translator needs to make a shift between mapping condition of source and target lang uage. Coves Coves (2005) expresses the regularities of the ways conceptual metaphors are expressed linguistically in different languages. In this model the translation of sixteen English metaphorical linguistic expression of â€Å"Time is money' metaphor as described in Alaska and Johnson is examined. Coves characterized each example by one or several patterns to show whether the form, literal meaning, figurative meaning, conceptual metaphor are similar or different.He compares the linguistic expression of conceptual metaphor in two languages of English and Hungarian. He explain that different kind of possibilities or patterns are as follows: a. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions and similar lexical implementations. B. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions but different lexical implementations. C. Metaphors of different mapping conditions but similar lexical implementations. D. Metaphors of different mapping conditions and different lexical implementations.AH Hosanna In the criticism of Mandible approach, AH Hosanna(2007) added one scheme, and present three schemas for metaphor translation. . Metaphors with similar mapping condition ( these are cultural universal SSL metaphors) 2. Metaphors have similar mapping condition but lexically implemented in different way( in this category, the ethical system in the TTL and SSL make metaphors different in lexical aspect) 3. Metaphors have different mapping condition( include culture-bound SSL metaphors) AH Hosanna also criticizes the Naiad's equivalents.Nadia believes that the translation should create the same response in TTL reader as in the SSL reader. AH Hosanna claims that this equivalence is impossible practically and can be applied only under two notations: the translator knows the experience and world view of TTL readership or translator knows the best way to adapt text with experience of TTL readership. Alaska and Johnson(1980) believe that metaphor is not only a linguistic things, but also is perceive d in thought and action.So in the cognitive view of metaphor, the psychological, coloratura and linguistic aspects are considered. Another model for metaphor translation is the model of Schaeffer(2004) and Strainers(1993). Their approach is descriptive. The political texts in English and German are compared. Schaffer express five type of metaphor translation. . Manifestation having been accounted for at the micro-level 2. Structural components of the base conceptual schema in the SST are replaced by expression that make entailment's explicit. 3. Metaphor is more elaborate in TTT. . SST and TTT employ different metaphorical expressions which can be combined under a more abstract conceptual metaphor. 5. The expression in teeth reflects a They criticize the models of Mandible(1995), Coves(2005), and AH Hosannas(2007). They noted that translation of metaphors in this model is different from mapping condition and lexical implementation. In this model there are six logically possible sche mes on a cog native basis. Some English metaphors and their Persian subtitles in 3 American movies (Face off, Con Air, Speed) are considered.These six schemes are as follows: 1. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions and similar lexical implementation For example: I'd like to stand on my own two feet Definition: to become independent Translation in Persian: The word for word translation: I'd like to stand on my own feet 2. Metaphors of similar mapping conditions but different lexical implementations. For example: she is real 10. Definition: talented and knowledgeable Translation in Persian: The word for word translation: she is 20. 3.Metaphors of different mapping conditions but similar lexical implementations. For example: he calls his teacher by his first name. Definition: to have a friendly relation with Translation in Persian: ss Is-a The word for word translation: he calls his teacher by his first name. 4. Metaphors of different mapping conditions and different lexical impleme ntations. For example: somebody gets the gasohol out here Definition: annoying person Translation in Persian: The word for word translation: somebody get the stick out of here. The SSL metaphor doesn't exist in TTL For example: he is a late bloomer There isn't any equivalent in TTL So the TTL speaker use literal language to explain 6. The TTL metaphor doesn't exist in the SSL (the SSL speaker use literal language, TTL speaker conceptualize an identity in metaphorical structure. Metaphor in Persian poems In Persian poetry, especially the lyric (odes), feeling, thought and situation or even the persons are described by metaphor. There are two reasons for this; first of all are the poetic aspects of metaphor; the other reason is that it is politically incorrect to express feeling explicitly.Different aspects of love and characteristics of beloved, nature, wine are described by metaphor. Hafiz employs metaphor to mask his real meaning. He uses code words which do not represent their ord inary meaning. Metaphoric wine Wine is used in Persian poetry either in actual sense or in metaphoric sense. Hafiz sometimes use wine to refer to beloved, friend, teacher or master or God. Attar also refers to wine metaphorically as follow: 15 Metaphor in describing beloved: The beloved often is image of an idealized abstract entity rather than a physical